Data model - description of data

This section provides information on modelling data.
The following examples show how data are displayed for each inscription:

• GVCyr 051
• I.Egypte métriques 26
• Peek, GVI 588

Reference is made to EAGLE vocabularies (see also FAIR Epigraphic Vocabularies)

Bibliographic references

Edition

Bibliographic references to the editions (P24) are provided for each inscription.
For each edition, the bibliographic information (P34), including the author(s) of the edition (P44), and the reference to the URL/DOI (P33) are provided. The geographical area to which the edition refers is also indicated according to the properties mentioned below (see geographic provenance).
For each author (P44), the Wikidata item (P45) and the published editions (P46) are mentioned.
Each inscription is labeled according to the reference edition (Q78).
P7 edition URL links to the digital editions.
The reference edition (Q78) is indicated through the qualifier P26 role.
Other editions (concordances) are indicated both in the form of alias and associated with the P24 edition.
For each inscription, the Trismegistos identifier (Tm_id) (P43) is provided.
The item database (Q584) is used to refer to online databases that allow the collection of information about the editions, translations, and images of the inscriptions (e.g. LatinNow).

Geographic provenance	corpora
Anatolian Peninsula	Western coast Mysia: Steinepigramme I 06-07, II 08; I.Ilion (IGSK 3), BSt (IGSK 7), I.Kyzikos (IGSK 18), I.Parion (IGSK 25), I.Alexandreia Troas (IGSK 53); I.Pergamon; I.Pergamon Asklepieion. Lydia: Steinepigramme I 03-05; I.Erythrai Klazomenai (IGSK l-2), I.Smyrna (IGSK 23-24); TAM V,1, TAM V,2; I.Sardis I Caria: Steinepigramme I 01-02; I.Didyma; I.Stratonikeia (IGSK 21-22), I.Tralleis (IGSK 36,1); MAMA VI; Milet VI.1; Robert, Carie; I.Knidos. Southern coast Lycia: Steinepigramme IV 17; I.Arykanda (IGSK 48); I.Kibyra (IGSK 60); TAM II; Bean, Northern Lycia. Pisida: Steinepigramme III 16/61, IV 18/01-18/11; I.Selge (IGSK 37), I.Pisidia Central (IGSK 57); TAM III,1. Pamphylia: Steinepigramme IV 18/12-18/20; I.Perge (IGSK 45, 61). Cilicia: Steinepigramme IV 19; IGSK 56; I.Cilicie; MAMA III; Bean/Mitford, Rough Cilicia I, Bean - Mitford, Rough Cilicia II. Northern coast Bithynia: Steinepigramme II 09; BSt (IGSK 7), I.Iznik (IGSK 9-10 1/2), I.Kios (IGSK 29), I.Klaudiupolis (IGSK 31), I.Prusa (IGSK 39-40), I.Heraclea Pontica (IGSK 47); TAM IV,1; Marek - Adak, Forschungen. Paphlagonia: Steinepigramme II 10; Marek, Pontus et Bithynia. Pontus: Steinepigramme II 11; Studia Pontica III. Inland regions Phrygia, Lycaonia: Steinepigramme III 14, 16; I.Laodikeia am Lykos (IGSK 49); Strubbe, Arai Epitymbioi (IGSK 52); MAMA I, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X; I.Laodicée Lycos nymphée; Merisio 2024; Ramsay, Phrygia. Galatia: Steinepigramme III 15; I.Ancyra; I.North Galatia. Cappadocia: Steinepigramme III; I.Tyana (IGSK 55). Other corpora: Staab, Gebrochener Glanz; Pfuhl/Möbius, Ostgr. Grabreliefs.
Near East	Media: Steinepigramme III 12/04. Syria: Steinepigramme IV 20; IGLS. Iudaea: Steinepigramme IV 21; CIIP; Ancient Inscriptions from Israel / Palestine; I.Gerasa. Arabia: Steinepigramme IV 22. Cyprus: IG XV 2,1.
Egypt	I.Egypte métriques; I.Philae; I.Colosse Memnon
North Africa (Cyrenaica, Creta, Africa Proconsularis, Muretania)	GVCyr2; I.Cret.; IRT2
Southeastern Europe (Greece, Aegean Islands, Ionian Islands, Macedonia, Epirus, Illyria, Thracia)	Attica: IG II/III2; II/III3 4,1, 4,2, 4,3; Agora XVII; Agora XVIII; I.Eleusis Peloponnese: IG IV; IG IV2 1; IG IV2 2; IG IV2 3; IG V 1; V 2; IG VII; Corinth VIII; I.Olympia; I.Olympia Suppl.; Rizakis, Achaïe Boeotia: IG VII; IG VII 2; I.Thespies Aetolia, Acarnania, Locris, Phocis: IG IX 12 1; IG IX 12 2; IG IX 12 3; IG IX 12 5 Ionian Islands: IG IX 12 4 Thessaly: IG IX 2; I.Atrax; Helly, Gonnoi; I.Vallée Enipeus; Macedonia, Epirus, Illyria: IG X 2,1; IG X 2,1s; IG X,2,2 I.Ano Maked.; I.Amphaxitis; I.Apollonia Illyrie; I.Beroia; I.Epidamne Thrace: IGBulg; I.Byzantion (IGSK 58); I.Perinthos; I.Thrake Aeg. Aegean Islands: IG XII 1; IG XII 2; IG XII 3; IG XII 4; IG XII 5; IG XII 6; IG XII 7; IG XII 8; IG XII 9; IG XII Suppl.; I.Lindos; I.Rhénée
Italia (Regiones I-XI), Roma, Sicilia, Sardinia, Corsica	IG XIV; IGUR; I.Aquileia; IG Campania; I.Mus. Catania; IG Napoli; IG Porto; IG Puglia; IG Ravenna; IG Reggio Calabria
Western Europe (Hispania, Britannia, Gallia, Germania, Raetia, Noricum)	IG XIV; IG España Portugal; IG France; RIB
Eastern Europe (Pannonia, Dalmatia, Dacia, Moesia, Cimmerian Bosporus)	Moesia: I.Mésie Sup. I; IGBulg Pannonia: IG Pannonia³ Scythia: I.Callatis; I.Histria; I.Tomis; I.Tomis Suppl.; IG X 3,3,1 Dacia: IG Dacia; I.Dacia Rom.; I.Chr. România Cimmerian Bosporus: CIRB; IOSPE I2
Other corpora and databases	Cougny 1890; Kaibel, Epigrammata; Peek, GVI; Hunter 2022; AE; BE; SEG; The Squeeze Collection - CSAD; E-stampages; Venice Squeeze Project; Ubi Erat Lupa; Last Statues of Antiquity (LSA); LatinNow; Telamon ; EDR; EDF; EDH; EDB; CIL; Epigraphische Datenbank zum antiken Kleinasien; Claros Concordance of Greek Inscriptions

Publication

To reference other publications related to the inscription, but different from the edition, use property P54 publication and item Q682 publication.
For each publication, the bibliographic information (P34), including the author(s) of the publication (P44), and the reference to the URL/DOI (P33) are provided.

Image

References to the images of the inscriptions are expressed by the following properties:

• P11 image URL provides the link to the image.
• P12 publication containing an image indicates the publication that contains the image and the reference to the page/table/inscription number through the qualifier P20 reference inside the publication.
• P17 publication containing a copy indicates the publication that contains the copy, the reference to the page/table/inscription number through the qualifier P20 reference inside the publication, and the author of the copy through the qualifier P21 author of the copy.

Type of inscription (P6)

• funerary inscriptions (Q10), tomb regulations (Q624)
• honorific inscriptions (Q60), agonistic inscriptions (Q625)
• Religious inscriptions (Q201): dedications (Q49), hymns (Q199), proskynemata (Q198), oracles (Q6), defixiones (Q251)
• exhortations (Q221), riddles (Q228), didascalic inscriptions (Q217)
• unable to determine (Q613)

See https://ontology.inscriptiones.org/type_of_inscription/#vocabularies

Geographic provenance

The data are organized according to the following related properties:

• provenance - macro-area (P5)
• provenance - macro-region (P27)
• provenance - region (P16)
• provenance - sub-region (P28)
• provenance - city (P4)
• provenance - place (P14)

Each place constitutes an item; for each place, all other places in which it is included are specified (see e.g. Attica, Athens, Acropolis of Athens).
Each place is associated with its corresponding Pleiades ID (P42), Trismegistos Places ID (P47), ToposText ID (P48), Wikidata item (P45), and edition(s) (P24).

Property	Item
provenance - macro-area	Anatolian Peninsula
provenance - macro-region	Northern coast
provenance - region	Bithynia
provenance - city	Nicaea

Property	Item
provenance - macro-area	North Africa
provenance - region	Egypt
provenance - sub-region	Delta
provenance - city	Alexandria
provenance - place (P14)	Gabbari Necropolis

North Africa

Egypt

• Lower Egypt - Delta
  • Alexandria
  • Leontopolis
• Middle Egypt
• Upper Egypt

Cyrenaica

• Cyrene
• Ptolemais
• Taucheira
• Martuba

Dating

The period under consideration ranges from the late first century BC to the early fourth century AD. The span of centuries is bounded by the reforms of Augustus and the reforms of Diocletian and Constantine.

The following types of dating are distinguished:

1. Inscriptions dated to a specific year or within a span of years less than a century.
2. Inscriptions dated by centuries.
3. Inscriptions dated to the Imperial Period (first-third century AD), contrasting with the Hellenistic Period (third-first century BC) and the Late Antique Period (fourth-seventh century AD).
4. Inscriptions dated between the end of the Hellenistic Period (late first century BC) and the beginning of the Imperial Period (first century AD), or between the end of the Imperial Period (late third century AD) and the beginning of Late Antiquity (fourth century AD).
5. Inscriptions with uncertain dating between the Hellenistic Period and the Imperial Period or between the Imperial Period and Late Antiquity.
6. Inscriptions dated with generic terms like Kaiserzeit, Römische Zeit, aetatis imperialis, Imperial Age, époque imperiale, età imperiale, etc., without distinguishing between the Imperial Period and Late Antiquity.
7. Undated inscriptions.

Based on these types of dating, inscriptions are divided into two groups:

• A : Inscriptions falling under types 1-4, dateable to the Imperial Age with a reasonable margin of certainty.
• B : Inscriptions falling under types 5-6, assignable to the Imperial era with a low margin of certainty.
• C: undated inscriptions (type 7)

P22 dating is expressed using the EDTF property To enhance data querying capabilities, the dating information provided in the editions is converted into numerical values for the inscriptions falling under types 2-5. In these cases, a quotation from the edition containing the dating information accompanies the numerical value.

Criteria for assigning numerical values to centuries/periods:

centuries/periods	numerical values
1st century AD	1-100
1st-3rd century AD	1-300
early 2nd century AD	101-115
first quarter of the 3rd century AD	201-225
second quarter of the 2nd century AD	125-150
first half of the 2nd century AD	101-150
mid-1st century AD	40-60 AD
third quarter of the 1st century AD	150-175 AD
late 2nd century AD	175-200 AD

Object

The type of object is indicated through P10 object  ; all objects are identified by the entity Q37 object.
The material is specified with the qualifier P30 material ; all materials are identified by the entity Q102 material.
The qualifier P32 state of preservation of the object indicates whether the objects is Q113 intact, Q280 broken - complete, Q284 broken - incomplete, Q116 lost.

Text - formal typologies (P52)

The following typologies are distinguished:

• single inscriptions (Q639): single metrical inscription on the object.
  
• multiple inscriptions - meter (Q640) : two or more metrical inscriptions on the same object.
  
• multiple inscriptions - meter/prose (Q642): one or more metrical inscriptions and one or more inscriptions in prose on the same object.
  

In cases where there are two or more metrical inscriptions, or both metrical and prose inscriptions, the order in which the texts appear in reference editions is followed, considering both the length of the text and the type of meter.

Language (P53)

The language of the inscriptions is indicated using P53 language, associated with the items Q644 Greek, Q645 Latin.

Length of the text

The length of the text (P19) is measured using the following units:

• lines (Q99)
• verses (Q12)
• lines in prose (Q26)
• rhythmic lines (Q98)
• rhythmic lines and verses (Q254)

All units fall under the subclass Q31 measure of length of a text.
The qualifier P31 state of preservation of the text indicates whether the text is Q105 complete or Q107 incomplete.
The number of lost lines is indicated with the unit lost lines (Q257).

Meter

P8 meter provides information about the metrical structure of the text.
The qualifier P29 type of meter specifies the nature of the type of meter indicated by P8 meter, whether it consists of verses or rhythmic units.

Type of meter (P29):

• I. Verse (Q100)
  • hexameters kata stichon (Q24)
  • elegiac couplets (Q11)
  • iambic meters kata stichon
    • iambic trimeters (Q17)
    • choliambics (Q243)
    • iambic trimeters/choliambics (Q244)
  • catalectic trochaic tetrameters (Q70)
  • pentameters kata stichon (Q245)
  • sotadeans (Q246)
  • mixed meters
    • hexameters + pentameters (≠ elegiac couplets) (Q247)
    • hexameters + iambic meters (Q248)
    • hexameters + pentameters + iambic meters (Q249)
    • hexameters + trochaic tetrameters (Q250)

• II. Rhythmic unit (Q101)
  • dactylic cola (Q5)
  • dactylic rhythm (Q252)
  • iambic rhythm (Q253)

Layout (P15)

Layout-typologies:

1. A.1 Layout typologies not based on metrical structure

   A.1a The layout is not based on metrical structure and no attention is paid to word endings (e.g. GVCyr008)

   A.1b The layout is not based on metrical structure and attention is paid to word endings / certain parts of the text are highlighted (e.g. GVCyr051)

2. A.2 Layout typologies based on metrical structure

   A.2a 1 line = 1 verse (e.g. I.Egypte métriques 26)

   eisthesis of pentameters (e.g. I.Egypte métriques 68) / vacat at the central caesura (e.g. IG IV²,1 436 )

   A.2b Verses written as prose, with vacat and/or signs (e.g. single point, colon, hedera, diple), which indicate the end of the verse (e.g. IG XIV 2564)

   A.2c Verses arranged on multiple (two/three) lines

   A.2c.1 Verses arranged on two/three lines without eisthesis of the second/third line, with vacat and/or sign to indicate the end of the verse (e.g. IG IX 1², 4, 1498 )

   A.2c.2 Verses arranged on two/three lines with eisthesis of the second/third line and possibly vacat and/or sign to indicate the end of the verse (e.g. IGUR III 1163, I.Mus. Catania 24)

   A.2.c.3 Mixed layout-typologies A.2.c.1-A.2.c.2 (e.g. IG IX 1², 4, 1497)

   A.2c.1-3 cae. Verse division based on the caesuras (this subcategory includes inscriptions that exhibit verse division based on caesuras in at least 50% of the verses, e.g. I.Egypte métriques 49, Steinepigramme 06/02/20, Peek, GVI 588)

3. A.3 Mixed layout-typologies

   A.3a Mixed layout-typologies based on the metrical structure A.2a-c (e.g. IGUR III 1272)

   A.3b Mixed layout-typologies A.1-A.2c (e.g. I.Egypte métriques 15)

Clients and recipients

The clients and the recipients (Q241) are indicated through P37 client and P38 recipient.

Each client/recipient represents an item labeled with the name of the client/recipient (e.g. Appia Anna Regilla Q699); if the name is unknown, an 'anonymous' item is created (e.g. anonymous Q708).
When it is not possible to determine the clients and the recipients (Q313) undefinable is used.

The characteristics of each client and recipient are indicated based on the following aspects and using the following properties/items:

	clients and recipients
gender (P50)	men (Q16), women (Q258)
age (P57)	children (boys (Q291)/girls (Q260)), young man/woman (Q794), adult (Q807), old man (Q801)/woman If the age is specified in the inscription, use P58 age - year(s), with unit Q762 year(s).
family status	To indicate family relationships, associate the following properties with the names of clients and recipients; if the name is unknown, use an anonymous item. wife (P65), husband (P64), mother (P66), father (P59), daughter (P63), son (P60), brother (P61), sister (P62)
role in society (P51)	members of the ruling class: praefectus Aegypti (Q619), strategos (Q647), tagos (Q648), bouleutes (Q667) religious officials: priest (Q311), priestess (Q306), pylokleistes (Q785) members of religious communities: culture/art: artists (Q788), painters (Q285), actors, dancers, mimes, musicians (Q770), poets (Q268), rhetors (Q269), architects, philosophers (Q270), mathematicians, intellectual (Q652) sport/festivals: gladiators (Q287), athletes (Q759), wrestler (Q760) professions: doctors (Q677), jurists, sailors, shipowners, barbers, artisans, farmers, breeders, hunters, fishermen, soldiers (Q266), merchants (Q666), weaver (Q725) other: city community (Q263), prominent citizen (Q264), noble woman (Q655), noble man (Q706), students, slaves (Q262), cliens (Q732), patronus (Q733)
religion	religion - faith (P55): christian (Q403), jewish (Q404) deitis (Q310): Anubis (Q631), Aphrodite, Apollo (Q308), Artemis, Asclepius, Attis, Cybele, Demeter (Q231), Dionysus, Elpis, Eros, Hecate, Helios, Hera, Hermes, Hosios, Meles (river), Moirai Mopsus, Nemesis, Nike, Phileis, Poseidon (Q242), Rome, Selene, Serapis (Q327), Underworld deities (Persephone, Pluto/Hades), Zeus (Q212)
other	mythological characters (Q261) animals: dogs, horses, panthers, roosters, snakes P45 Wikidata item

Author

The authorship of the text is defined by Q118 anonymous and Q240 signed.
When the text is signed, P49 author of the inscription is used to give information about the author. Each author is represented by an item, whose label is the author's transliterated name if it is in Greek. The name in Greek is also labeled. For the indication of the author's characteristics, such as their gender and, if known, their role in society, religion, and Wikidata item, the same items and properties used to describe the clients and recipients are applied.
The qualifier P36 signature - text is used to record the text of the signature.